Study on Competency Model of an effective teacher

Study on Competency Model of an effective teacher The paper builds on comprehensive review of 13 research papers and a book on teachers competencies on basis of which a Competency Model of an effective teacher has been suggested that can be used during recruitment, training, and performance appraisal and also can be used as a mean for compensation of a teacher. Competencies of an Effective teacher Model has been categorized into three categories as shown in the above diagram which are as follows: Concern for College, Concern for Self and Concern for Students. Therefore, this paper produces data on what attributes in todays academic market place and in particular in classroom produces effective teachers. INTRODUCTION: Education has become essential these days. But along with it there are several challenges of education as well which require change in the quality and structure of education. For this integration of education with corporate sector is required for which course contents needs to be upgraded. But this is not sufficient as teachers are the education providers they play a vital role in bridging the gap between what is now available in the form of curriculum and the demands of the corporate world. Hence teachers should therefore react to the changing scenario and equip themselves to meet the need of the hour. Hence this paper identifies competencies (behavioural indicators) required for an effective teaching according to the changing scenario. Therefore, this paper produces data on what attributes in todays academic market place and in particular in classroom produces effective teachers. The theory being, the more effective the teacher the better prepared the student is for tomorrows challenges, not yesterdays and the more competitive the school can make itself. The paper will first review the literature highlighting competencies [behavioral indicators] of effective teacher given by other researchers. First it is important to understand the word competency. A competency is an underlying characteristic of an individual that is causally related to criterion-referenced effective and/or superior performance in a job or situation [1] Underlying characteristic means the competency is a fairly deep and enduring part of persons personality and can predict behavior. Causally related means that a competency causes or predicts behavior and performance. Criterion-referenced means that the competency actually predicts who does something well or poor, as measured on a specific criterion or standard. The history of competency can be traced to the early 1970s when industrial psychologists and human resource managers were seeking ways to predict job performance. There was significant evidence to show that personality testing was very poor at predicting job performance (about 10 percent success rate was achievable). In 1973, David McClelland, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University wrote a seminal paper Testing for Competence Rather than for Intelligence, which appeared in American Psychologist in 1973 [2], that created a stir in the field of psychology (McClelland, 1973). According to his research, traditional academic aptitude and knowledge content tests seldom predict on-job performance. He went on to argue that the real predictors of job performance are a set of underlying personal characteristics or competencies. McClellands concept of competency has been the key driver of the competency movement and competency-based education. LITERATURE REVIEW Attempts to define teacher behaviors have blossomed into a movement known as Competency-based teacher education (or Performance based Teacher Education). The State of Florida has been a leader in identification of generic teaching competencies and in the movement of competency-based teacher education. In 1975 the Council on Teacher Education (COTE), spearheaded a project to identify those competencies which are most essential to all teachers. 48 generic competencies consistently appeared in the search was selected for a final survey instrument. A random sample of 5 percent of all certified personnel in the state were asked to rate the competencies. 23 competencies met the specified acceptance criteria. The 23 generic competencies were grouped into 5 major categories namely communication skills, basic knowledge, technical skills, administrative skills and interpersonal skills. The state of Florida has included the 23 generic competencies in state policies requiring all personnel to de monstrate them in order to be certified as a teacher in the state [3]. A few of the sub-skills under each of the five major categories are as follows: Communication Skills, Basic Knowledge, Technical Skills, Administrative Skills and Interpersonal Skills. Peter F Oliva [3] has described an effective teacher as one whom: Is fully prepared in his or her subject Has a broad general education Understands the role of a school in the society Holds an adequate concept of himself or herself Understands basic principles of learning process Demonstrate effective techniques of instruction Efficiently handles the management of the classroom Possesses personal characteristics conducive to the success in the classroom A similar list has been developed by Kenneth P Henson [3] of an effective teacher as one whom: Is interested in students as individuals Has patience and is willing to repeat Displays fairness Explains things thoroughly Is humorous Is open minded Is informal Does not feel superior Knows the subject Is interested in the subject Is neat in appearance Similarly Dwight Allen and Kevin Ryan [3] have given skills which are generic or common to teachers at all level as follows: Stimulus variation, Set induction, Closure, Silence and Non-Verbal Clues, Reinforcement of Student participation, Fluency in asking question, Probing question, High order question, Divergent question, Recognizing attending behavior, Illustrating and using examples, Lecturing, Planned Repetition, Completeness of communication Teachers Competency has been defined as any particular knowledge, skill, or attitude or any set or combination of them that we may choose to specify (Donald M Medley Patricia R Crock). The knowledge specified may involve subject-matter knowledge, general knowledge, knowledge of psychology, sociology or one of the other disciplines, knowledge of pedagogy-any knowledge that may enhance teacher performance. Skills specified may also relate to content, to writing and speaking skills, to skills in arithmetic, they may be perpetual or diagnostic in nature, they may be performance skills such as those involved in lecturing, leading a discussion or planning instruction, they may be related to deployment of knowledge and skills of other types, or to the integration and implementation of complex strategies. Attitudes specified may pertain to the self, to pupils, to colleagues and to the profession, to values, or whatever [4]. A recent Research in 2008 by Faculty of Education, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey aimed to determine the teachers competencies Turkey needs in the European Union harmonization process [5]. The research used Delphi technique to determine the teachers competencies. Delphi application was completed by participation of 37 experts. As a result of analysis of the third round data removal of items with a standard deviation above 1 and arithmetic average below 6, 142 competency items were obtained. Removal and combination of overlapping opinions was done and hence 137 competency items were obtained. The competencies were divided into four competency categories which are as follows: Competencies Regarding Professional Knowledge Competencies Regarding Field Knowledge, Competencies Regarding Improving Oneself, Competencies Regarding National and International Values. Competencies Regarding Professional Knowledge were addressed in five categories as follows: Professional Competencies Regarding Getting to Know the Students and Enabling Their Improvement Professional Competencies regarding the process of learning-teaching process Professional competencies regarding monitoring and evaluating learning and improvement Professional Competencies regarding School, Family, Colleagues and Society Relations Professional Competencies Regarding the Programme and Content (Abdul Rahim Hamdan et al, Faculty of Education, University of Malaysia) studied the teaching competency and dominant characteristics of 309 teachers from different secondary / primary schools in Johor Bahru [6]. Their competencies were determined through teaching skills, concern for school, concern for students and concern for self, forming a comprehensive and practical model of teachers competency characteristics. Factor analyses of the instrument with various samples revealed 19 stable subscales. Skills Scales were divided into seven sub-scales. There were scales on Subject Knowledge, Teaching Prowess, Classroom Management, Updating Knowledge, Instructional Planning, Teaching Effectiveness; and Teaching and Learnings Progress Evaluation. Concern for School Scales was divided into five sub-skills. There were testing on teachers concern on School Vision and Mission, Objectives and Goals, School Policy and System, Collegiality and Commitment. Scales on Concern for Student were divide d into four sub-scales. There were testing on teachers concern on Student Needs, Academic Performance, Motivation and Behavior. Concern for Self Scales was divided into three sub-scales. There were testing on teachers concern on Self-Development, Self Management and Performance Standard. The most dominant competency of the teachers was in concern for school scales followed by skills, concern for self and concern for students. The result showed that there is significant relationship between gender and teaching competency. The result for the ethnic and teaching competency showed that there is no relationship between ethnic and teaching competency in this study. The data analysis showed that there is no relationship between teaching experience and teaching competency. The result also showed that there is no significant relationship between academic qualification and teaching competency. Thus, it can be summarized that, teachers with higher academic qualification does not mean more comp etent in teaching. (Naree Aware Achwarin, R.N., Ed.D., Graduate School of Education, Assumption University of Thailand) aimed to determine the teacher competence level and investigate the relationship between teacher qualification, teaching experience, and school size and teacher competence of teachers at schools in the three southern border provinces of Thailand [7]. The method of survey research was used through questionnaire. The unit of analysis was teachers, 750 were selected by simple random sampling methods from nine educational regions, 18 secondary schools, under the Basic Education Commission of Thailand (OBEC) at Narathiwas, Pattani, and Yala province. The instrument used for collecting data was a questionnaire, constructed by the researcher, employing the professional standards of knowledge and experience from the Teacher Council of Thailand (2005) containing nine competence areas. The Cronbachs Alpha coefficient for the reliability was 0.96. The content validity was evaluated by five exper ts in the field of Educational Administration. The findings revealed Teachership was the highest teacher competence. In order from the highest to the lowest of nine competence areas, the ranking was teachership; psychology for teachers; educational measurement and evaluation; classroom management; learning management; educational innovation and information technology, language and technology for teachers; curriculum development; and educational research. (Earl Simendinger Bella Galperin, The University of Tampa Daniel R. LeClair, AACSB International A.G. (Tassos) Malliaris, Loyola University) described the design, development and delivery of this curriculum [8]. The objective and what the reader can expect to learn from this work is what are the most important attributes of effective business teachers. Incorporating these attributes into course design and delivery should lead to improvements in teaching effectiveness and students evaluation scores, which results in students better prepared for the business field. In addition to it, reviewing the past literature in particular, student evaluations have received the most attention- this statement shows the gap that competencies derived about the teachers were basically based on student perception not on the basis of management, professor and industry professions. (Kirk Tennant Charles Lawrence, 1975) focused upon teaching strategies and scheduled class hours and their effects upon instructor and course evaluations, student performance, and student absenteeism [9]. The study indicated that discipline teaching strategy produced much better student academic performance. This study indicates that in those situations in which student performance was considered a primary goal, a discipline teaching strategy should be adopted. In all cases the finding suggest that a discipline teaching strategy will improve both attendance and performance. In this multisection course, classes scheduled at good hours had higher student attendance, better student performance, and more favorable teacher evaluation by students. (William J. Read, Dasaratha V. Rama K. Raghunandan, 2001) surveyed administrators of accounting programs from a cross-section of schools and programs to determine whether there is an association between the weight given to teaching and the weight assigned to SEs [10]. The respondents were asked to allocate 100 points among research, service and teaching representing the weights that were attached to each in decision on tenure and promotion to full professor in their institution. The Result showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between the weight given to SEs and the weight assigned to teaching in faculty evaluations for tenure and promotion to full professor. This suggests that as institutions increase the relative emphasis on teaching in their tenure decision and promotion to full professor decision, they place significantly less weight on Student Evaluation. (Stephen A. Stumpf et al, New York University) investigated the relationships among several variables outside of the instructors classroom control and student ratings of teaching effectiveness are investigated in a causal network [11]. The student ratings are relatively independent of external variables. Variables external to the construct of student perceived learning include: (a) variables that students do not agree relate to their learning, (b) variables that the instructor cannot control with his or her instructional efforts within a class (e.g., instructor sex, class size), and (c) variables that students cannot observe and thus cannot accurately evaluate. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed; the six independent variables account for a statistically insignificant 9% of rating variance. The set of six external variables were then entered into a regression equation already containing the three intrinsic variables (instructor in class, instructor in general an d graded assignments). The additional variance accounted for is .6%, indicating that no unique contribution is made by any or all of the external variables. The variables were instructor sex, the year the instructor received her/his last degree, instructor rank, proportion of required courses that an instructor taught over the two semester period and class size. (Dr Paul Isely Dr Harinder Singh) analyzed different factors that influence student evaluations, based on large set of data, reveals that class size, the difficulty of the class, the percentage of students responding, and the length of class are important determinants of students perception [12]. Moreover, although higher expected grades results in more favorable student evaluations, this relationship is significantly different depending upon faculty rank. Based on these findings, the author makes two policy recommendations. First, student evaluations of teaching should be adjusted for specific major determinants to obtain less biased estimates. Second, evaluating teaching effectiveness by a broad teaching portfolio that includes actual grades given to students and other teaching supplements may discourage faculty from exploiting the relationship between higher expected grades and favorable student evaluations. (James E. Whitworth, et al, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia) analyzed 12,153 student faculty evaluations to investigate the effects of: (a) Faculty member gender (b) Course type (required business core courses, classes within designated majors, or graduate classes) (c) Course level (graduate versus undergraduate classes) on student faculty evaluations [13]. The authors explored the effect of these three factors on students perceptions of how much they learned in particular classes. They found that female instructors rated better than male ones and that rating differed significantly by course type and by students perceived amount of learning. Graduate students tended to give higher scores than undergraduates. These findings could indicate that comparing evaluation data across different courses might not produce valid overall effectiveness rankings. (Richard L. Peterson et al, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ)conducted a study within a large department of a business school and recommends that the process used be adapted by other business school departments and other academic units across the university and at other universities to ensure a more universally appropriate usage of students ratings [14]. The central objective of the research was to identify variables that provide a valid rationale for assigning faculty into norming groups for the purpose of comparing one member of that group to all other members of that group. Given the objective and the data set they had available, they selected the following six variables to explore: Semester Effect, Course Session Effect, Faculty Type Effect, Course Level Effect, Course Focus Effect Course Type. Overall, this study makes two primary contributions to the literature. First, it provides an empirical examination of the factors that might be influencing students ratings. Seco nd, it offers suggestions on how these ratings might be used by administrators. These two contributions offer more evidence that supports Brightmans (2005) recommendations that any evaluation instrument focused on faculty teaching must be reliable and valid and have a meaningful norming report. COMPETENCY MODEL OF AN EFFECTIVE TEACHER A Competency Model of an Effective Teacher has been obtained after reviewing the literature and also by using Competency Dictionary obtained by colleagues of Richard Boyatzis in 1981 which was obtained by analyzing the data [i.e transcripts of behavioral event interviews] from a number of competency studies which produced set of competencies that consistently distinguished superior performance across organizations and functions [1] COMPETENCY MODEL OF EFFECTIVE TEACHER Concern for Self Concern for College Competencies of an Effective Teacher Concern for Students Figure 1: Competency Model of an Effective Teacher Competencies of an Effective teacher can be categorized into three categories as shown in the above diagram which are as follows: Concern for College, Concern for Self and Concern for Students. As teacher has duty towards for College it is defined as the first category where teachers competencies are adoption of College Vision and Mission, teacher should be committed towards his/her work, a teacher should be high on competencies like credibility, integrity and sincerity. Next comes the category Concern for Self which is very important as teacher always carry these competencies such as teacher should be high on analytical thinking, conceptual thinking, also have good meta qualities such as creativity, teacher should have excellent communication skills, should always be information seeking, should have self-control, self-confidence, be flexible, achievement oriented, open and receptive and most important is that teacher should be able to balance work and his/her life perfectly. Coming to Concern for Students teacher should have competencies like interpersonal understanding, should be able to influence others, should be good in developing others and should be assertive when required. The three categories have been diagrammatically represented below: The broad areas of Competencies under this category are: Organizational Awareness, Adaption Commitment Concern For Order, Quality And Accuracy The competencies can be as follows: Mission Orientation, Commitment to work contract, Ethical conduct and Credibility, integrity and sincerity Concern for College Figure2: Concern for College Competencies The broad areas of Competencies under this category are: Analytical Thinking Conceptual Thinking Meta Qualities Communication Knowledge and Information Orientation Self-Control Persistence Flexibility Achievement and Action Being open and receptive Being organized Work Life Balance The competencies can be as follows: Reasoning, Ability to Generate Theories, Creativity, Presentation skills, Resistance to Stress, Persistence, Strong Self-Concept, Adaptability, Result Orientation, Composure, Humor, Time Management, Work/Life Balance Concern for Self Figure 3: Concern for Self Competencies The broad areas of Competencies under this category are: Interpersonal Understanding Impact and Influence Developing Others Being Directive The competencies can be as follows: Empathy, Approachability, Sensitivity to Others, Interpersonal Savvy, Showmanship, Teaching and Training, Realistic Positive Regard, Motivating others, Classroom Control and Discipline, Assertive Concern for Students Figure 4: Concern for Students Competencies USE OF COMPETENCY MODEL: This Competency Model can be used for identifying policies for teacher training, Pre-service teacher training programs of institutions of higher education for teacher training, In-service training of teachers, Professional Development of Teachers, Selection of teachers, Evaluation of teacher performances, Self-knowledge and self-development of teachers.

The possible approaches towards differentiated eLearning

Differentiated direction ( or differentiated acquisition ) involves supplying pupils with different avenues to geting content ; to processing, building, or doing sense of thoughts ; and to developing learning stuffs so that all pupils within a schoolroom can larn efficaciously, irrespective of differences in ability. Research indicates that many of the emotional or societal troubles gifted pupils experience disappear when their educational climes are adapted to their degree and gait of acquisition. † Differentiation in instruction can besides include how a pupil shows that they have command of a construct. This could be through a research paper, function drama, podcast, diagram, posting, etc. The key is happening how your pupils learn and displays their acquisition that meets their specific demands. Differentiation normally includes one or more of the undermentioned countries:A. Content– Is â€Å" what † pupils learn – Includes curriculum subjects or constructs – Reflects province or national criterions – Presents indispensable facts and accomplishments – Differentiates by pre-assessing pupil accomplishments and apprehensions, so fiting scholars with appropriate activities – Provides pupils with picks in order to add deepness to larning – Provides pupils with extra resources that match their degrees of understandingB. Procedure– Is â€Å" how † pupils learn – Refers to how pupils make sense or understand the information, thoughts, and accomplishments being studied – Reflects pupil larning manners and penchants – Varies the acquisition procedure depending upon how pupils learnC. Product– Is the terminal consequence of pupil acquisition – Tends to be touchable: studies, trials, booklets, addresss, skits – Reflects pupil understanding – Differentiates by supplying challenge, assortment, and pickWhat is distinction direction?In this context when distinction is discussed, it is non about merchandise distinction by larning bringing location, as in intercrossed eLearning content compared to to the full online classs and/or cyberschools ( National Leadership Institute, 2005 ) . Nor is it about distinction in clip, as in synchronal and asynchronous acquisition. Rather, in e-diff, one of three types of accommodation is normally involved ( Hall, 2002 ; Reis et al. , 1988 ; Sizer, 2001 ; Tomlinson, 2001 ; Tomlinson & A ; Allan, 2000 ; Tomlinson & A ; McTighe, 2006 ; Willis & A ; Mann, 2000 ) : 1. Differentiation of content – Offer pupils the opportunity to get down at different topographic points in the course of study and/or proceed at different gaits. 2. Differentiation of larning manner attack – Stressing many modes of larning manner or larning penchant, such as ocular and audile scholars. 3. Differentiation of merchandise – Giving different assignments to different pupils, and turn in different work merchandises.III. DIFFERENTIATION INeLEARNINGTechnology to do content alteration on the fly is rather simple online. It can be every bit straightforward as hypertext markup language cryptography and back-end databases. The challenge is non in the bringing engineering itself, but in set uping good logic for distinction – if we are traveling to distinguish, how do we make up one's mind who gets what? Here we organize the most common e-diff schemes, based on what type of decision-making procedure and grounds is used to set up the accommodation picks. Approachs can besides be combined, or blended, in eLearning merchandises. Some of the possible general attacks are: â€Å" Diffuse † attacks to distinction, in which pupils receive the same content but have multiple chances for acquisition and are provided with different attacks for doing sense of thoughts planfully â€Å" diffused † throughout the content. Autonomous attacks, in which pupils receive different content by a mechanism of self-selection built in the content. This introduces distinction through pupil pick. Naive distinction, in which the computing machine is finding the class of distinction, non the user, no specific program or overall scheme is in topographic point in the eLearning content for why distinction is go oning, or what it is intended to intend in the acquisition context. Boolean distinction, in which package uses types of Boolean logic, such as rule-based models or determination trees, to find how to set content for different pupils. Model-based distinction, in which adept sentiment is combined with a assortment of informations mining techniques to bring forth thoughts for how content might be suitably differentiated. Language based distinction, in which the pupils from different cultural backgrounds can be benefitted. This is based on the distinction in the contents of stuffs to be delivered.Differences in the attacks1.In diffuse distinction, there is no direct purpose to measure or fit the demands of single users, or to custom-make content or feedback, as all pupils receive the same content. But adequate assortment and different beginnings of stimulation are provided to involvement and prosecute diverse audiences. This is a really common attack to differentiated direction in a traditional schoolroom learning puting. The hope is that with adequate assortment provided, everyone ‘s demands can be addressed. 2.The 2nd scheme, self distinction, allows pupils to choose their personal picks as they work their manner through on-line content. This can dwell of merely choosing the order of completion among a fixed bill of fare of larning activities or faculties, or can let much more scope of pick. The courseware design determines where pick points are. Self distinction is besides really common in on-line content. 3.NaA?ve distinction comes about about unwittingly in many eLearning merchandises. It involves altering parts of content in a more random manner, non based on the specific demands of single pupils, but merely revolving content and artworks so that screens have different images, representations and so forth each clip viewed. This might affect a randomizing factor or a shuffle map. Though diffuse and autonomous schemes can be rather consistent with improved larning aims of differentiated direction, it can be harder to do the instance for naA?ve distinction. Additions in motive and battle as acquisition shows change, for case, are difficult to reason for if the same pupil merely sees one of the shows. 4.The following scheme, Boolean distinction, uses assessment grounds to alter the flow of content for different pupils. Boolean here merely describes logic that computing machines use to find if a statement is true of false. Main Boolean operators include â€Å" and, † â€Å" non † and â€Å" or. † Operators get used with a series of regulations to depict what happens with the content as pupils make their responses. There are many differentiations among different rule-based methods, including assorted be aftering agents, bug bases and chaining algorithms. But the thought is that a set of regulations have been devised, frequently by really carefully analyzing many pupils. These rule-based boolean methods make up some of the oldest signifiers of e-diff. The simplest types look like a checklist of larning aims. Students go down the list and finish the aims. If they successfully complete 1 AND 2, they go onto 3, for case. But 1 and NOT 2 and possibly the pupil is redirected to 2A, or given some extra feedback or other larning intercession that go throughing pupils do n't acquire. Rule based methods can take much more luxuriant signifiers, and have been in really powdered ways to depict the battalion of constructs and misconceptions pupils hold in certain capable affair countries, and what to make about them. 5.The following signifier of e-diff, model-based, is really a big household of attacks that will be grouped together here for the interest of treatment. Some of the attacks are among the newer e-diff signifiers and others have been around for some clip. Most use some signifier of adept sentiment, including from instructors and other capable affair experts, combined with informations mining to bring forth thoughts about how content might be differentiated. Common data excavation techniques include a assortment of arrested development and Gaussian statistical theoretical accounts, Bayesian webs, nervous webs, point response theoretical accounts, and assorted method attacks that combine quantitative and qualitative informations to do interpretative or productive anticipations. 6.The concluding signifier of e-diff is, language-based in which the same contents are provided to the pupils in different possible linguistic communications of apprehension. On the plus side, information excavation attacks can be faster and easier than deducing complex rule-based signifiers. Besides they can let anticipations to be compared to existent pupil larning informations to ticket melody theoretical accounts. However, the inquiry frequently is which theoretical account to utilize, and why. Besides important in the instance of eLearning is whether the theoretical account truly is making an appropriate occupation of stating you something about pupils.III.CONCLUSIONDevelopers are constructing more distinction into eLearning merchandises, admiting that people have multiple waies for acquisition and for doing sense of thoughts. But distinction via engineering is complex. There are legion attacks that have rather different executions and consequences, as can be seen by the general schemes described here. As the field matures and developers explore more ways to distinguish online, it is of import that non-disclosure understandings and other rational bel ongings issues do n't close down the conversation about what these merchandises are making, and how they are making it. So, certain, allow ‘s all be different – but allow ‘s happen some common land to speak about these of import attacks to differentiation online.IV.REFERENCES[ I ] Hall, T. ( 2002 ) . Differentiated direction. Retrieved November, 2006, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstruc.html [ II ] Parshall, C. G. , Stewart, R. , Ritter, J. ( 1996, April ) . Inventions: Sound, Graphics, and Alternative Response Modes. Paper presented at the National Council on Measurement in Education, New York. [ III ] Reis, S. M. , Kaplan, S. N. , Tomlinson, C. A. , Westbert, K. L. , Callahan, C. M. , & A ; Cooper, C. R. ( 1988 ) . How the encephalon learns, A response: Equal does non intend indistinguishable. Educational Leadership, 56 ( 3 ) . [ IV ] Tomlinson, C. A. ( 2001 ) . How to distinguish direction in mixed-ability schoolrooms ( 2nd ed. ) . Alexandria, VA: ASCD. [ V ] Tomlinson, C. A. , & A ; Allan, S. D. ( 2000 ) . Leadership for distinguishing schools and schoolrooms. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. [ VI ] Tomlinson, C. A. , & A ; McTighe, J. ( 2006 ) . Integrating Differentiated Instruction +Understanding by Design: Connecting Content and Kids. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. [ VII ] Turker, A. , Gorgun, I. , & A ; Conlan, O. ( 2006 ) . The Challenge of Content Creation to Facilitate Personalized E-Learning Experiences. International Journal on ELearning, 5 ( 1 ) , 11-17.

List of Songs About Weather from the 1980s

The Effects Of Stress Among College Students Essay

Over the years many studies have been conducted to determine what creates stress and how college students can cope with stress. Stressors in a student’s life can be created through personal, educational and social experiences. A student faces many experiences while transitioning from high school, to college, and into adulthood. These experiences include: living arrangements, personal finances, important career decisions, experiences of failure, interpersonal relationships, and personal finances. These stressors involved with daily hassles can create an unhealthy high pressure environment which makes stress for college students inevitable. During one study, researchers found that physical activity throughout a student’s life can increase one’s stress tolerance and positively cope with stressors (Bland, Melton, Bigham, Welle, 2012). The impact of stress among college students may have a negative impact on the student’s psychological health. Research indicates that depression rates in college students have been increasingly rising over the years. In 2012, a study was conducted by the National Survey of Counseling Centers which resulted in 91% of the researchers found an increase in students with psychological needs. To resolve college students’ stressors, Surgeon General and additional research studies propose that students who are more active exhibit a decrease in stress, anxiety, and depression. In order to improve and retain a healthy lifestyle, physical activityShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Financial Stress Among Domestic College Students1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Financial Stress among Domestic College Students Money is always a common factor leading to stress. People determine financial stress as a kind of stress caused by debts and inevitably huge amount spending (Hillman, 2015, para.4). A college student faces $40000 tuition every year, so it is fair to say college students struggle with financial stress. Moreover, financial stress has the tendency to become an â€Å"ongoing and chronic type of stress†, which will attribute to several seriouslyRead MoreHow Can We Study Related Stress For College Students?1251 Words   |  6 Pages How to manage study related stress for college students Is it the truth that every college student lives an easy life? Most parents usually encourage their high school children to get a higher grade for their applications to universities by telling them how interesting and relaxing life will be in college. Yet, according to a survey from The Jed Foundation which taking care of mental health for college students, over eighty-five percentages of university students feel very stressful to finish theirRead MoreEffect Of Stress On Students1169 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Stress can define as Balancing classes, tests, projects, extra-curricular activities and work is enough to make anyone feel overwhelmed, especially with final exams right around the corner. Having stress in your life is unavoidable, but there are steps students can take to mitigate its effects on their lives and health. Going off to college involves significant adjustments to student daily routine; student sleeping and eating habits, time-management skills, and stress levels will beRead MoreEffects Of Depression On College Students1335 Words   |  6 Pagesis founded more in College students. The 2012 from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Jennifer E. Merrill, 2014). Depression in college tends to lead to alcohol abuse because they are experien cing extreme depression. When college students have depression it affectsRead MoreStress on College Campuses Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesStress is unavoidable, no matter the situation, location, or time; stress is always present. Stress is found in higher levels during the duration in which students attend college. It is predictably higher among college students, freshmans in particular, because of the extreme expectations set upon them by their parents and, of course, society. The need to please their parents, longing for success in life, and being able to sustain a reasonable income in the future, all of which falls into the handsRead MoreEssay about Determining Causes and Effects of Stress on College Students1400 Words   |  6 Pagescauses and effects of stress on college students is compiled at the request of The President of Strayer University. The purpose of presenting this research paper to senior administration is to help students have a more constructive college expe rience. Students starting their college careers consist of major adjustments to the daily routine; sleep patterns and eating habits, time-management skills, and stress levels are different in one way or another. The American Institute of Stress, compiledRead MoreCollege Is A Essential Tool For Life Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe research topic of the connection between students who are in college and the level of stress they inquire financially and generally has had a huge impact on society. College is a very essential tool for life. College is meant to learn and experience a variety of techniques to use in your everyday life. On the other hand, college can become a very stressful place, whether it’s because of your financial status or in general. The increase in responsibilities after transitioning from a young adolescentRead MoreDepression and anxiety among college students1080 Words   |  5 PagesDepression and anxiety among college students is something that expe rts have focused on for the past twenty years. The information they have been gathering ranges from the different stressors of college life to the effects of ones culture on how they deal with depression or anxiety symptoms. They have identified a few core characteristics of depression and thoughts of suicide. These are both serious concepts in which people need to seek help for. It is important for students to reach out to friendsRead MoreMental And Physical Health Of College Students1469 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: Mental and Physical Health of College Students Jackie Brocious Misericordia University Literature Review: Mental and Physical Health of College Students This paper is focused on the sub-topic of mental and physical health of college students, either within healthcare-related fields or general graduate programs. This sub-topic is a branch of our group’s research purpose of identifying the occupational therapy (OT) student’s perception and confidence with an OT programRead MoreDetermining Causes And Effects Major Cause And Effects Of Stress On College Students797 Words   |  4 Pages Assignment #3.1: Determining Causes and Effects Major cause and effects of stress in college students Vanity Talbert ENG 115- English Composition Olivia Clark August .17, 2015 Dealing and living with stress has become almost a way of life of many people today, as they combine busy lives with the high demands of work or study while trying to make time for family and friends. Students experience episodic stresses while getting ready for an exam ,Finalizing an important paper ,or